Latest Science

Gut Microbiota
probiotics
  1. Gut microbiota, circulating cytokines and dementia: a Mendelian randomization study
    Ji D, Chen WZ et al., J Neuroinflammation. 2024 Jan 4;21(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02999-0. PMID: 38178103
  2. Neutrophils: from IBD to the gut microbiota
    Danne C, Skerniskyte J et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Mar;21(3):184-197. doi: 10.1038/s41575-023-00871-3. Epub 2023 Dec 18. PMID: 38110547
  3. A gut microbiota-bile acid axis promotes intestinal homeostasis upon aspirin-mediated damage
    Li T, Ding N et al., Cell Host Microbe. 2024 Feb 14;32(2):191-208.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.015. Epub 2024 Jan 17. PMID: 38237593.
  4. Investigating the Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Crohn's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
    Li Z, Chen Y, Ke H. Gastroenterology. 2024 Feb;166(2):354-355. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.047. Epub 2023 Sep 9. PMID: 37678500
  5. Gut instincts: Unveiling the connection between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease
    Peddinti V, Avaghade MM et al., Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024 Apr; 60:266-280. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.019. Epub 2024 Feb 19. PMID: 38479921
  6. Gut microbiota and intestinal immunity-A crosstalk in irritable bowel syndrome
    Chen Y, Feng S et al., Immunology. 2024 May;172(1):1-20. doi: 10.1111/imm.13749. Epub 2024 Jan 4. PMID: 38174581
  7. Impacts of gut microbiota alteration on age-related chronic liver diseases
    Adhikary S, Esmeeta A et al. Dig Liver Dis. 2024 Jan;56(1):112-122. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.06.017. Epub 2023 Jul 3. PMID: 37407321
  8. Targeting the gut microbiota-related metabolites for osteoporosis: The inextricable connection of gut-bone axis
    Zhang YW, Wu Y et al., Ageing Res Rev. 2024 Feb;94:102196. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102196. Epub 2024 Jan 12. PMID: 38218463
  9. The influence of the gut microbiome on ovarian aging
    Huang F, Cao Y et al., Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2295394. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2295394. Epub 2024 Jan 3.PMID: 38170622
  10. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Spondylarthritis: An Update on the Gut-Joint Axis
    Longo UG, Lalli A et al., Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar 13;25(6):3242. doi: 10.3390/ijms25063242.PMID: 38542216
  11. The Role of Gut Microbiota and the Potential Effects of Probiotics in Heart Failure
    Petruzziello C, Saviano A et al., Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Feb 4;60(2):271. doi: 10.3390/medicina60020271.PMID: 38399558
  12. The contribution of age-related changes in the gut-brain axis to neurological disorders
    Khan R, Di Gesù et al., Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2302801. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2302801. Epub 2024 Jan 18. PMID: 38237031
  13. Maternal gut microbiota in the health of mothers and offspring: from the perspective of immunology
    Lu X, Shi Z, Jiang L, Zhang S. Front Immunol. 2024 Mar 13;15:1362784. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362784. eCollection 2024.PMID: 38545107
  14. Immune system and gut microbiota senescence in elderly IBD patients
    Fantini MC, Onali S et al., Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino). 2024 Mar;70(1):59-67. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5985.21.02934-X. Epub 2021 Jul 19. PMID: 34278753
  15. Emerging role of gut microbiota in autoimmune diseases
    Wang X, Yuan W et. al., Emerging role of gut microbiota in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol.2024 May 3;15:1365554. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365554. PMID: 38765017; PMCID:PMC11099291.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(7): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Gut microbiota in COVID-19: key microbial changes, potential mechanisms and clinical applications.
    Zhang F et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 May;20(5):323-337. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00698-4. Epub 2022 Oct 21.
  2. Role of gut microbiota in depression: Understanding molecular pathways, recent research, and future direction.
    Rathour D et al., Behav Brain Res. 2023 Jan 5;436:114081. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114081. Epub 2022 Aug 28.
  3. The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: microbes as friends or foe?
    Van Hul M, Cani PD. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023 May;19(5):258-271. doi: 10.1038/s41574-022-00794-0. Epub 2023 Jan 17.
  4. Association of Gut Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus.
    Sowmiya T, Silambanan S. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2023;19(7):15-18. doi:10.2174/1573399819666221121104542.
  5. Gut microbiota: a potential target for improved cancer therapy.
    Zhao M et al., J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023 Jan;149(1):541-552. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04546-5. Epub 2022 Dec 23.
  6. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Gut Microbiota.
    Haneishi Y et al., Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 14;24(4):3817. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043817.
  7. Gut-Microbiota, and Multiple Sclerosis: Background, Evidence, and Perspectives.
    Altieri C, Speranza B et al., Nutrients. 2023 Feb 14;15(4):942. doi: 10.3390/nu15040942.
  8. The implication of gut microbiota in recovery from gastrointestinal surgery.
    Zheng Z, Hu Y et al., Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 Feb 28;13:1110787. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1110787. eCollection 2023.
  9. Emerging roles of the gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy.
    Shi Z, Li H et al., Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 22;14:1139821. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139821. eCollection 2023.
  10. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms of progression and clinical applications.
    Sun Y, Gao S, Ye C, Zhao W. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 Feb 24;13:1142041. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142041. eCollection 2023.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(7): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Gut microbiota associations with diet in irritable bowel syndrome and the effect of low FODMAP diet and probiotics.
    Staudacher HM et al., Clin Nutr. 2021
  2. Gut Microbiota in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review.
    Guo J et al., Reprod Sci. 2022
  3. Anti-obesity natural products and gut microbiota.
    Li SZ, Zeng SL, Liu EH.Food Res Int. 2022
  4. Gut microbiota exaggerates triclosan-induced liver injury via gut-liver axis.
    Zhang P et al., Hazard Mater. 2022
  5. Responses of earthworm Metaphire vulgaris gut microbiota to arsenic and nanoplastics contamination.
    Wang HT et al., Total Environ. 2022
  6. Oral, Nasal, and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease.
    Li Z et al., Neuroscience. 2022
  7. FODMAPs, inflammatory bowel disease and gut microbiota: updated overview on the current evidence.
    Simões CD et al., Eur J Nutr. 2022
  8. Gut microbiota and gut tissue metabolites involved in development and prevention of depression.
    Yu M et al., .J Affect Disord. 2022
  9. Strategies for the treatment of colorectal cancer caused by gut microbiota.
    de Souza JB et al., .Life Sci. 2022
  10. The effect of oral iron supplementation on the gut microbiota, gut inflammation, and iron status in iron-depleted South African school-age children with virally suppressed HIV and without HIV.
    Goosen C et al., Eur J Nutr. 2022
  11. The role of gut microbiota in infectious diseases.
    Cai Y et al., WIREs Mech Dis. 2022
  12. Determine independent gut microbiota-diseases association by eliminating the effects of human lifestyle factors.
    Zhu C et al., BMC Microbiol. 2022
  13. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and colorectal cancer: Ready for clinical translation?
    Hou H et al., Cancer Lett. 2022
  14. Systematic review: the association between the gut microbiota and medical therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.
    Radhakrishnan ST et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. The gut microbiota in anxiety and depression - A systematic review.
    Simpson CA et al., Clin Psychol Rev. 2021 Feb;83:101943.
  2. Role of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Human Blood Platelet Function: A Review.
    Duttaroy AK. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 3;13(1):144.
  3. Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Liver Disease.
    Jones RM, Neish AS. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021 Jan 24;16:251-275.
  4. Metabolomics analysis of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
    Konjevod M et al., J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021 Feb 5;194:113681.
  5. Dietary polyphenol impact on gut health and microbiota.
    Wan MLY, Co VA, El-Nezami H. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(4):690-711.
  6. Associations among Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, the Gut Microbiota, and Intestinal Immunity.
    Fu Y et al., Mediators Inflamm. 2021 Jan 2;2021:8879227.
  7. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and the Microbiome-Searching the Crime Scene for Clues.
    Lee M, Chang EB. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan;160(2):524-537.
  8. A review on preventive role of ketogenic diet (KD) in CNS disorders from the gut microbiota perspective.
    Rawat K et al., Rev Neurosci. 2020 Oct 19;32(2):143-157.
  9. Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders!
    Naveed M et al., Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 10;104:110051.
  10. Effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on anti-cancer drugs: Mechanistic perspectives.
    Badgeley A et al., Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2021 Jan;1875(1):188494.
  11. High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice.
    Serrano J et al., Microbiome. 2021 Jan 12;9(1):11.
  12. Gut Microbiota: the Emerging Link to Lung Homeostasis and Disease.
    Zhou A et al., .J Bacteriol. 2021 Jan 25;203(4):e00454-20.
  13. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Drives the Development of Colorectal Cancer.
    Fan X et al., Digestion. 2021;102(4):508-515.
  14. Relationship between Gut Microbiota, Gut Hyperpermeability and Obesity.
    Gasmi A et al., Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(4):827-839.
  15. Phages to shape the gut microbiota?
    Dahlman S et al., Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2021 Apr;68:89-95.
  16. Hydroxycinnamic acids on gut microbiota and health.
    Leonard W et al., Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021 Jan;20(1):710-737.
  17. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
    Ghorbani M et al., Psychiatr Genet. 2021 Apr 1;31(2):39-49.
  18. Gut microbiota as a new player in children with celiac disease.
    Han T, Li J.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jan;36(1):39-40.
  19. Modulatory effects of gut microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: A novel paradigm for blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
    Rezasoltani S et al., .Cancer Med. 2021 Feb;10(3):1141-1154.
  20. Gut microbiota and brain alterations in a translational anorexia nervosa rat model.
    Trinh S et al., J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Jan;133:156-165.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Nutritional Status and the Influence of the Vegan Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Human Health.
    Sakkas H et al., Medicina (Kaunas). 2020 Feb 22;56(2):88.
  2. Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota.
    Matenchuk BA et al.,Sleep Med Rev. 2020 Oct;53:101340.
  3. The gut microbiota in anxiety and depression - A systematic review.
    Simpson CA, et al., Clin Psychol Rev. 2021 Feb;83:101943.
  4. Gut Microbiota Status in COVID-19: An Unrecognized Player?
    Donati Zeppa S et al.,Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Nov 26;10:576551.
  5. The Gut Microbiota at the Service of Immunometabolism.
    Michaudel C, Sokol H. Cell Metab. 2020 Oct 6;32(4):514-523.
  6. The gut microbiota in transplant patients.
    Chong PP, Koh AY. Blood Rev. 2020 Jan;39:100614.
  7. Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome.
    Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Fu J.Gut. 2020 Aug;69(8):1510-1519.
  8. The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease.
    Illiano P et al., FEBS J. 2020 Mar;287(5):833-855.
  9. Exercise, diet and stress as modulators of gut microbiota: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
    Gubert C et al., Neurobiol Dis. 2020 Feb;134:104621.
  10. Capsaicin and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease.
    Rosca AE et al., Molecules. 2020 Dec 2;25(23):5681.
  11. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication.
    Silva YP et al., Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 31;11:25.
  12. Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases.
    Ding JH et al., World J Gastroenterol. 2020 Oct 28;26(40):6141-6162.
  13. Gut Microbiota: Its Potential Roles in Pancreatic Cancer.
    Li Q et al., Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Oct 7;10:572492.
  14. Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain.
    Gao K et al., Adv Nutr. 2020 May 1;11(3):709-723.
  15. The role of gut microbiota in cancer treatment: friend or foe?
    Cheng WY et al., Gut. 2020 Oct;69(10):1867-1876.
  16. The microbiota-immune axis as a central mediator of gut-brain communication.
    Fung TC. Neurobiol Dis. 2020 Mar;136:104714.
  17. Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Innate Immunity and Its Implication in Autoimmune Diseases.
    Jiao Y et al., Front Immunol. 2020 Feb 21;11:282.
  18. Considering gut microbiota in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Adeshirlarijaney A, Gewirtz AT.Gut Microbes. 2020 May 3;11(3):253-264.
  19. The Gut Microbiota in Prediabetes and Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.
    Wu H et al., Cell Metab. 2020 Sep 1;32(3):379-390.e3.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Acute Childhood Leukemia.
    Yuxi Wen et al. Front Microbiol. 2019:10: 1300.2019 Jun 19.
  2. Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism.
    Maini Rekdal V et al. Science. 2019 Jun 14:364(6445). pii: eaau6323.
  3. Alterations to the Gut Microbiota and Their Correlation With Inflammatory Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease.
    Li F et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 Jun 12:9:206.
  4. Alterations to the Gut Microbiota and Their Correlation With Inflammatory Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease
    FengXia Li et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 June 12. 9: 206.
  5. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis.
    Pleiades T. Inaoka et al. J Biomed Sci. 2019 June 11. 26: 45.
  6. Gastrointestinal Complications in Chronic Granulomatous Disease.
    Falcone EL et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2019 June 7:1982:573-586.
  7. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer.
    Yachida S et al. Nat Med. 2019 Jun 6.
  8. Bifidobacterium bifidum and the infant gut microbiota: an intriguing case of microbe-host co-evolution.
    Duranti S et al. Environ Microbiol. 2019 Jun 6.
  9. Obesity and cancer: A mechanistic overview of metabolic changes in obesity that impact genetic instability.
    Kompella P et al. Mol Carcinog. 2019 Jun 5.
  10. Crosstalk between the Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: From the Perspective of Gut Microbiota.
    Yuying Fan et al. Mediators Inflamm. 2019 June 3.2019: 8373060.
  11. Microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH).
    Duarte SMB et al. Ann Hepatol. 2019 May – Jun:18(3):416-421.
  12. Influence of maternal microbiota during pregnancy on infant immunity.
    Nyangahu DD et al. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019 May 23.
  13. Escherichia coli K12: An evolving opportunistic commensal gut microbe distorts barrier integrity in human intestinal cells.
    Bhat MI et al. Microb Pathog. 2019 May 18:133:103545.
  14. Impact of Gut Microbiota Composition on Onset and Progression of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases
    Annalisa Noce et al. Nutrients. 2019 May 14:11(5): 1073.
  15. Interactions of dietary fat with the gut microbiota: Evaluation of mechanisms and metabolic consequences.
    Mokkala K et al. Clin Nutr. 2019 May 13. pii: S0261-5614(19)30214-6.
  16. Toll like receptors (TLRs) in response to human gut microbiota of Indian obese and lean individuals.
    Bahadur T et al. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 May:8(5):1567-1570.
  17. Gastrointestinal alterations in anorexia nervosa - A systematic review.
    Schalla MA et al. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2019 May 7.
  18. The combination of sport and sport-specific diet is associated with characteristics of gut microbiota: an observational study.
    Jang LG et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 May 3:16(1):21.
  19. Gut microbiota and probiotic intervention as a promising therapeutic for pregnant women with cardiometabolic disorders: present and future directions.
    de Brito Alves JL et al. Pharmacol Res. 2019 May 2:104252.
  20. Relationship between intestinal microorganisms and T lymphocytes in colorectal cancer.
    Shuwen H et al. Future Oncol. 2019 May 2.
  21. Parkinson's disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome.
    Lubomski M et al. J Neurol. 2019 Apr 30.
  22. Gut microbiota and bipolar disorder: a review of mechanisms and potential targets for adjunctive therapy.
    Gondalia S et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Apr 30.
  23. The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
    Srikantha P and Mohajeri MH Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 29:20(9). pii: E2115.
  24. Altered diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in patients with cervical cancer
    Zhongqiu Wang et al. AMB Express. 2019 March 29:9: 40.
  25. Dietary Components That May Influence the Disturbed Gut Microbiota in Chronic Kidney Disease.
    Denise Mafra et al. Nutrients. 2019 Mar:11(3): 496.
  26. Current Understanding of Gut Microbiota in Mood Disorders: An Update of Human Studies.
    Ting-Ting Huang et al. Front Genet. 2019 Feb 19:10: 98.
  27. Gut Microbiota and Chronic Constipation: A Review and Update.
    Ohkusa T et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019 Feb 12:6:19.
  28. Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life and Its Implications on Childhood Health.
    Lu Zhuang et al. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2019 Feb:17(1): 13–25.
  29. Correlation of Gut Microbiome Between ASD Children and Mothers and Potential Biomarkers for Risk Assessment.
    Ning Li et al. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2019 Feb: 17(1): 26–38.
  30. Microbiome as a therapeutic target in alcohol-related liver disease.
    Sarin SK et al. J Hepatol. 2019 Feb:70(2):260-272.
  31. Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
    Yi-Chao Shi et al. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2019 Feb:17(1): 52–63.
  32. Necrotizing Enterocolitis and the Preterm Infant Microbiome.
    Baranowski JR et al. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019 Jan 26.
  33. Shaping Microbiota During the First 1000 Days of Life.
    Selma-Royo M et al. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019 Jan 26.
  34. Gut-Liver Axis, Gut Microbiota, and Its Modulation in the Management of Liver Diseases: A Review of the Literature.
    Milosevic I et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 17:20(2). pii: E395.
  35. Insights into the role of bacteria in vitamin A biosynthesis: Future research opportunities.
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  36. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? Changing Ecosystem across age, environment, diet and diseases.
    Rinninella E et al. Microorganisms. 2019 Jan 10:7(1). pii: E14.
  37. The interplay among gut microbiota, hypertension and kidney diseases: The role of short-chain fatty acids.
    Felizardo RJF et al. Pharmacol Res. 2019 Jan 10:141:366-377.
  38. The Preterm Gut Microbiota: An Inconspicuous Challenge in Nutritional Neonatal Care.
    Jannie G. E. Henderickx et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019:9: 85.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
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    Wang J et al. J Med Microbiol. 2018 Sep 24.
  23. Allergen Immunization Induces Major Changes in Microbiota Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in Different Gut Segments in a Mouse Model of Lupine Food Allergy.
    Andreassen M et al. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018 Sep 21:1-13.
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  28. Emerging Role of Diet and Microbiota Interactions in Neuroinflammation.
    Janakiraman M et al. Front Immunol. 2018 Sep 11;9:2067.
  29. Complex Network of NKT Cell Subsets Controls Immune Homeostasis in Liver and Gut.
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Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
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    Chung SY et al; Biol Res Nurs (2017) Jan; 1:1099800417732412.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
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  25. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism.
    Sonnenburg JL et al; Nature. 2016 Jul 6;535(7610):56-64.
  26. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut.
    Bäumler AJ et al;  Nature. 2016 Jul 6;535(7610):85-93.
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    Oleskin AV e al; Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2016 Jul 5; 27:30971.
  28. Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
    Kennedy PJ et al; Neuropharmacology. 2016 Jul 5. pii: S0028-3908(16)30288-X.
  29. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Combination with Soluble Dietary Fiber for Treatment of Slow Transit Constipation: A Pilot Study.
    Ge X et al; Arch Med Res. 2016 Jul 4. pii: S0188-4409(16)30053-4.
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    Okai S et al; t Microbiol. 2016 Jul 4;1(9):16103.
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    Van de Wiele T et al; Nat Rev Rheumatol. 12016 Jun 16.
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    O'Dwyer DN; J Immunol. 2016 Jun 15;196(12):4839-47.
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    Zhuang X et al; J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jun 14.
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    Shi Y et al; PLoS One. 2016 Jun 13;11(6):e0157259.
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    Parekh PJ et al; Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Jun 8;7:55.
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    Diaz Heijtz R1. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 May 30. pii: S1744-165X(16)30012-9.
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    Boursier J et al; Clin Liver Dis. 2016 May;20(2):263-75.
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  40. The human gut microbiota and its interactive connections to diet.
    Milani C et al; J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016 May 10.
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  42. Reframing the Teenage Wasteland: Adolescent Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.
    McVey Neufeld KA et al ; Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;61(4):214-21.
  43. Development of the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome and Its Association With Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
    Elgin et al (2016) Feb 3. pii: S0149-2918(16)00018-7.
  44. Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD.
    Lee et al (2016) Gut 0:1-9.
  45. Microbiota, immunity and the liver.
    Vaikunthanathan et al (2016) Immunol Lett 171:36-49.
  46. Host-microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of Antibiotic-Associated Diseases.
    Lichtman et al (2016) Cell Reports 14:1049-1061.
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    Bridgman et al (2016) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 116:99-105.
  49. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier.
    Marchesi et al (2016) Gut 65:330-339.
  50. Marchesi et al (2016) Gut 65:330-339.
    Cani and Everard (2016) Mol Nutr Food Res 60:58-66.
  51. Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia in young obese Mexican subjects.
    Radilla-Vazquez et al (2016) Obes Facts 9:1-11.
  52. Resistant starch alters the Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis: Implications for dietary modulation of behavior.
    Lyte et al (2016) PLoS One 11(1):e0146406.
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  61. Irritable Bowel Syndrome may be associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase and Metabolic Syndrome.
    Lee et al (2016) Yonsei Med J 57(1):146-152.
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  64. Obesity: An overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota.
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  67. Gut microbiota and obesity.
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Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases.
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  5. Changes seen in gut bacteria content and distribution with obesity: causation or association.
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  7. Metagenomic cross-talk the regulatory interplay between immunogenomics and the microbiome.
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  9. Gut microbiota dysbiosis as risk and premorbid factors of IBD and IBS along the childhood-adulthood transition.
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    Braundmeier AG et al (2015) Front Physiol 6:97.
  18. Gut Microbiota: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes involved in insulin resistance by mediating levels of glucagon-likepeptide 1.
    Greenhill C (2015) Nat Rev Endocrinol 11(5):254.
  19. Alteration of gut microbiota by vancomycin and bacitracin improves insulin resistance via glucagon-like peptide 1in diet-induced obesity.
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    Grogan D (2015) Nature 518(7540):S2.
  22. Why microbiome treatments could pay off soon.
    Knight R (2015) Nature 518(7540):S5.
  23. Your microbes at work: fiber fermenters keep us healthy.
    Nature 2015, 518(7540):S9.
  24. Mental health: thinking from the gut.
    Schmidt C (2015) Nature 518(7540):S12-5.
  25. Gut microbiome: the peacekeepers
    Velasquez-Manoff (2015) Nature 518(7540):S3-11.
  26. Microbiome engineering.
    Sonnenburg JL (2015) Nature 518(7540):S10.
  27. The gene-microbe link.
    Ley RE (2015) Nature 518(7540):S7.
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    Schnorr SL (2015) Nature 518(7540):S14-5.
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    Wang WL et al (2015) World J Gastroenterol 21(3):803-814.
  31. Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders.
    Xu MQ et al (2015) World J Gastroenterol 21(1):102-111.
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    West CE et al (2015) J Allergy Clin Immunol 135(1): 3-13.
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    Nguyen TLA et al (2015) Dis Model Mech 8(1):1-16.
  34. Implication of Gut Microbiota in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
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  35. Gut microbiota composition correlates with changes in body fat content due to weight loss.
    Remely M et al (2015) Beneficial Microbes 21:1-9.
  36. The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Gut Microbiota and Human Health.
    Conlon MA and Bird AR (2015) Nutrients 7:17-44.
  37. Engineered commensal bacteria reprogram intestinal cells into glucose – responsive insulin-secreting cells for the treatment of Diabetes.
    Duan FF et al (2015) Diabetes Jan 27. pii: db140635.
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    Chilton SN et al (2015) Nutrients 7:390-404.

    40. Clinical condition

    Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

    References

    Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

    Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

    Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

    Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

    Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

    Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

    Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

    Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

    Type 2 diabetes

    Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

    Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

    Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

    Colorectal Cancer

    Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

    Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

    Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Intestinal microbiota and type 2 diabetes: From mechanism insights to therapeutic perspective.
    Han JL and Lin HL (2014) World J Gastroenterol 20(47):17737-17745.
  2. You are what you host: Microbiome modulation of the aging process.
    Heintz C and Mair W (2014) Cell 156(3):408-11.
  3. Role and influence of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
    Parekh PJ et al (2014) Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 5(47):1-7.
  4. More than 300 million preschool children suffer from malnutrition – Can the Gut Microbiota of these children be different?
    Ghosh TS et al (2014) PLoS ONE 9(4):e95547.
  5. Does Malnutrition exist in another developing country - Bangladesh?
    Subramanian S et al (2014) Nature 510(7505):417-421.
  6. Does a foraging subsistence strategy influence the gut microbiota profile of Hadza hunters?
    Schnorr SL et al (2014) Nature Communications 5:3654.
  7. Microbial genes, brain and behavior – epigenetic regulations of the gut-brain axis.
    Stilling RM et al (2014) Genes, Brain and Behavior 13:69-86.
  8. Brain Gut Microbiome Interactions and Functional Bowel Disorders.
    Mayer EA et al (2014) Gastroenterology 146(6): 1500-1512.
  9. Microbiota-host interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: Epithelial barrier immune regulation and brain-gut interactions.
    Hyland NP et al (2014) World J Gastroenterol 20(27):8859-8866.
  10. Irritable bowel syndrome: A microbiome-gut brain axis disorder.
    Kennedy PJ et al (2014) World J Gastroenterol 20(39): 14105-14125.
  11. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
    David LA et al (2014) Nature 505(7484):559-563.
  12. Fecal Microbiota Imbalance in Mexican children with Type 1 Diabetes.
    Mejia-Leon ME et al (2014) Science Reports 4:3814.
  13. Incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria into gut microbiota inhibits obesity.
    Chen Z et al (2014) J Clin Invest 124(8):3391-406.
  14. Gut Dysbiosis and Detection of "Live Gut Bacteria" in Blood of Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
    Sato J et al (2014) Diabetes Care

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
  1. Are specific strains of Bifidobacteria vertically transmitted from mother to child?
    Makino H et al (2013) PLoS ONE 8(11):e78331.
  2. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor.
    Smith MI et al (2013) Science 339(6119):548-554.

Examples of putative associations between Microbiota and “Disease states”

Clinical condition

Observed differences in microbiota compared to a “healthy state”

References

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Greater bacterial diversity observed in women with BV; BV-associated bacteria found to correlate with diagnostic criteria (Amsel’s clinical criteria).

Fredricks DN et al, 2005 N Engl J Med 353:1899-911; Srinivasan S et al, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6): e37818.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD; colitis)

Enterobacteriaceae found to correlate with colitis; global microbiota profiles of phylotype and / or gene content distinguish IBD individuals.

Frank DN et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-85; Garrett WS et al, 2010 Cell Host Microbe 8:292-300; Qin J et al, 2010 Nature 464:59-65.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Bacterial diversity decreased over time in children; functionally aberrant gene content.

Giongo A et al, 2011 ISME J 5:82-89; Brown CT et al, 2011 PLoS ONE 6(10):e25792.

Type 2 diabetes

Relative proportions of Clostridia (phylum Firmicutes) significantly reduced in diabetic group.

Larsen N et al, 2010 PLoS One 5(2):e9085.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Segmented filamentous bacteria or Lactobacillus sp. can activate TH17 cells resulting in inflammation.

Reviewed in Scher JU and Abramson SB 2011 Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(10):569-78.

Colorectal Cancer

Increased abundances of Fusobacterium sp.; colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition.

Castellarin M et al, 2012 Genome Res 22:299-306

Adapted from: Eloe-Fadrosh EA and Rasko DA (2013) The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 64:145-63.
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